Empirical Studies in Financial Accounting

Abstract Abstract
The present research is aimed at modeling and prioritizing effective factors in the intention of internal reporting of frauds in the financial items by accountants. For this purpose, the effect of organizational justice, attitude towards whistle-blowing, personal cost of reporting, proactive personality traits, religiosity, and moral intensity are studied. The research is based on a survey research, and the statistical population of the study is the accountants of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in 2015. The results of testing the hypotheses were obtained by exerting ordinary least squares regression, and they indicate that such variables as organizational justice, attitude towards whistle-blowing, religiosity and moral intensity posit positive and significant effect on the intention of reporting fraud in the financial items. The results also show that the theory of organizational justice has the potential to be used in implementation of effective mechanisms of whistle-blowing. In addition, in order to increase the effectiveness of mechanisms implemented with the aim of promoting whistle-blowing, it is of importance to pay attention to solutions such as execution of educational moral programs and cultural and religious plans, which would have a positive effect on religiosity and attitude.

Abstract Abstract
Most of earnings management researches in Iran focus on abnormal accruals. Whereas accruals and real activities result in earnings management, which are complementary (Sanjaya and Saragih, 2012). According to various studies, accruals eventually lead to fraud (Jones et al, 2008). So far no research studied the relationship between accrual earnings management and real earnings management in companies suspected to fraud. So, in this study, the relationship between accrual earnings management and real Earnings management in companies suspected to fraud are discussed. In this analysis, panel data is used. For hypothesis testing, the data of 107 listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange, which are suspected to fraud, for the period of 1392- 1387 (Solar Calendar), has been used. Results of the analysis indicate that real earnings management on accrual earnings management in companies suspected to fraud, at 95 percent confidence level, have negative and significant correlation. As a result, researchers, standard settings and auditors should pay attention to both real earnings management and accrual earnings management in fraud suspected companies. Audit quality should also be strengthened in the Iranian suspected of fraud listed companies

Abstract In capital market, Investors, decision process is affected by a
combination of financial and nonfinancial information, but the
information that companies disclose to capital market, focusses on
financial aspects and includes less information about intangible items.
Thus, in addition to financial information, investors need more
information about the intangible factors that affect stock prices.
Intellectual capital is one of those intangible factors. Therefore, this
study examines the impact of intellectual capital on decision making
process of investors of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The
statistical population of the research is 140 comprised of listed
companies in Tehran Stock Exchange and the research period is the
years during 2009 to 2013. In this research, for data analysis, panel
data has been used. Also, control variables are the size of the company
and the ratio of market value to book value of equity. The results
showed that there is positive significant relationship between
intellectual capital and both EPS and β, and negative significant
relationship between the intellectual capital and P/E.

Abstract Abstract
The present research deals with explaining the relationship between
financial statements comparability and the stock price in
formativeness regarding the future earnings as well as explaining the
role of the financial statements comparability in reflecting the firm’s
specific future earnings data and reflecting the future earnings data
relevant to the industry in the stock price of the current period. The
time period of this research for the 4-year has been considered from
the beginning of 1386 till the end of 1389. However, data from 1383
to 1386 and 1390 to 1392 is also used to calculate some variables. The
research sample consists of 85 listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange.
The multivariate regressions have been used for the statistical
analysis. Four control variables-size, growth, loss and earnings
volatility-have been used. According to the accomplished tests there is
no positive relation between the financial statements comparability
and the stock price in formativeness. The financial statements
comparability does not contribute in reflecting the future earnings data
relevant to the industry and reflecting the firm’s specific future
earnings data in the stock price of the current period

Abstract Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the explanatory power of value-based performance measurement models, compared with traditional accounting performance measures, in explaining stock market return in Tehran Stock Exchange. The paper employs incremental information content approach to examine which performance measure best explains stock market return. Traditional accounting variables used in this research are: Earning before tax, Return on assets, Return on equity, Earning per Share and Operating cash flow and value based variables are economic value added, Refined economic value added and Shareholder value added. The population of this research is all listed companies firms in Tehran Stock Exchange and 128 firms are selected as the sample which is examined over the years 1384 to 1393. We used panel data for testing hypothesis and also Views software. The results indicate EVA & REVA have incremental information content in comparison with traditional accounting variables

Abstract Abstract
Corporate risk taking is important perspective related to performance.
This paper is investigating the relationship between corporate risk
taking and financial performance along with checking for the impact
of corporate governance mechanism on risk and performance linkage.
To achieve the mentioned goal 101 companies listed on Tehran Stock
Exchange over the period of 2005 to 2012 (including 808 firm- years)
were examined through correlation test and using the liner regression
model. Result show corporate risk taking have significant positive
relationship with financial performance. In addition, board
independence have significant negative relationship with corporate
risk taking; while association of Institutional investor and board size
and corporate risk taking is not significant. Findings also show that
board independence, board size and institutional investor have direct
significant impact on the relationship between corporate risk taking
and financial performance

Abstract On the basis of Pecking Order Theory, when firms need resources
they usually rely on debts since capital is considered expensive due to
information asymmetry. Moral hazard is a kind of information
asymmetry; therefore, it is expected that it has relationship with
capital structure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact
of moral hazard on capital structure. In order to conduct the research
132 firms were selected from listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange
between years 2006_2012.research hypothesis was tested using
structural equation model. The results show that moral hazard has
significant negative impact on capital structure, and the negative effect
of moral hazard on capital structure is moderated by control variables

Abstract The present research is aimed at modeling and prioritizing effective factors in the intention of internal reporting of frauds in the financial statements by accountants. For this purpose, the effect of organizational justice, attitude towards whistle-blowing, personal cost of reporting, proactive personality traits, religiosity, and moral intensity are studied. The research is based on is a survey research, and the statistical population of the study is the accountants of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in 2015. The results of testing hypotheses were obtained by exerting rdinary least squares regression, and they indicate that such variables as organizational justice, attitude towards whistle-blowing, religiosity and moral intensity posit positive and significant effect on the intention of reporting fraud in the financial statements. The results also show that the theory of organizational justice has the potential to be used in implementation of effective mechanisms of whistle-blowing. In addition, in order to increase the effectiveness of mechanisms implemented with the aim of promoting whistle-blowing, it is of importance to pay attention to solutions such as execution of educational moral programs and cultural and religious plans, which would have a positive effect on religiosity and attitude.

Abstract In capital market, Investors decision process, affected by a combination of financial and nonfinancial information, but The information that companies disclose to capital market, focouses on Financial aspects and Includes less information about intangible items. Thus, in addition to financial information, investors need more information about the intangible factors that affect stock prices. Intellectual capital is one of those intangible factors. Therefore, this study examines the impact of intellectual capital on Decision making process of investors of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the research is 140 comprised of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange and the research period is the years during 2009 to 2013. In this research, for data analysis, panel data has been used. also, control variables are the size of the company and the ratio of Market value to book value of equity. The results showed that there is positive significant relationship between intellectual capital and both EPS and β, and negative significant relationship between the intellectual capital and P/E.