seyed ali Vaez; Rahim Bonabi ghadim; Sajjad Chinekesh
Abstract
The value of a company is influenced by many factors such as the weakness of internal controls and the information quality resulting from it. In the meantime, level of investment and credit rating of the company can offset the weaknesses of internal controls and prevent devaluation of the company in ...
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The value of a company is influenced by many factors such as the weakness of internal controls and the information quality resulting from it. In the meantime, level of investment and credit rating of the company can offset the weaknesses of internal controls and prevent devaluation of the company in this respect. The purpose of study was to investigate the effect of investment and credit rating on relationship between internal control weakness and firm value. This study was a descriptive- post event one in nature and method, an applied one objectively. To test the research hypotheses, 112 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2012 to 2018 were selected and studied. The results of hypothesis testing showed that internal control weakness had a negative effect on firm value and Investment has no effect on the relationship between internal control weakness and firm value but credit ratings has effected relationship between internal control weakness and firm value and increases the Firm value. In other words, a high credit rating, as an alternative to weak internal control, prevents from increase in the cost of capital.
R. Hejazi; F. Heydarpour; H. Khan Mohammadi
Volume 7, Issue 25 , April 2009, , Pages 147-166
Abstract
In the semi strong form of efficient capital markets, stock price reflects all information has been published, so it is available for public. In capital markets, stock price responses to new information and price changes, will be appropriate to received information,
But in some capital ...
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In the semi strong form of efficient capital markets, stock price reflects all information has been published, so it is available for public. In capital markets, stock price responses to new information and price changes, will be appropriate to received information,
But in some capital markets, regulations are applied in order to controlling volatilities in stock price. This kind of controlling causes stock price wouldn't be reflection of distributing information therefore the market will become non efficient.
In this research in order to assessing the threshold volume on the capital market, two transaction groups compared with each other. The threshold volume hadn't any effect on both, statistical group consist of implement transaction by using threshold volume and experimental group consist of transaction without using threshold volume. Information about stock volatility and transaction volume was tested by Wilkaxon test for ten day before and after event.
The results of this research show that threshold volume accelerates volatility, and also threshold volume cause delay in reaching to real stock price but it doesn't have any effect on transaction volume.
Ali Ebrahimi Kordlar; Musa Javani Ghalandari; Kianoosh Ganji
Abstract
Existing theories predict two contradict relation between industry competition and audit fees. Industry competition reduces the agency problem between manager and stockholder of firms and also increases the accuracy of financial statement. It therefore decreases the assessment of risk by auditors and ...
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Existing theories predict two contradict relation between industry competition and audit fees. Industry competition reduces the agency problem between manager and stockholder of firms and also increases the accuracy of financial statement. It therefore decreases the assessment of risk by auditors and they are inclined to charge low audit fee for companies operating in competitive industry. On the other hand industry competition can increase the assessment of business risk by auditor, so it would be expected as the competition in industry rises the audit fee, the current study examine empirically "The impact of monopoly or industry competition on pricing of external audit services "with the information of 96 publicly-held companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) Between 2009-2016. The result of study shows the significant and negative relation between audit fee and industry competition. In other words, auditor charge low audit fee for client which operate in high competitive industry.
Yahya Hassas Ycganeh; Narges Yazdanian
Volume 5, Issue 17 , April 2007, , Pages 151-171
Abstract
This research seeks to find an answer to this quest ion ''how do some corporate governance practices affect earning management in Iran?"
The investigated corporate governance principals in this research are: the percentage of institutional investors' ownership, the existence of non-executive directors ...
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This research seeks to find an answer to this quest ion ''how do some corporate governance practices affect earning management in Iran?"
The investigated corporate governance principals in this research are: the percentage of institutional investors' ownership, the existence of non-executive directors i n the board of directors, the absence (non-existence) of executive directors as the chief or ...... of board of directors, the existence or internal auditors.
In this research Jones modified model has been used to determine earning management which is measured by discretionary accruals. For this purpose, the data of l77 firms during the years 1382 to 1384 have been used. The results of this research show that when the percentage of institutional investors' ownership in firms is more than 45%,the earning management decreases. Moreover the results show that there is no meaningful correlation between the existence of non-executive directors in the board of directors, the absence (non-existence) of executive directors as the chief or ...... of board of d i rectors, the existence of internal auditors and earning management.
Financial Accounting
Reza Taghizadeh; Mohammad Abdzadeh Kanafi; alieh ghermezi
Abstract
This study examines earnings quality in the relations network of the board of directors of companies in the Iranian stock market in the period 2011 to 2020. This study has a quantitative approach that is post-event in terms of implementation. Furthermore, it is based on graphic techniques on graph theory. ...
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This study examines earnings quality in the relations network of the board of directors of companies in the Iranian stock market in the period 2011 to 2020. This study has a quantitative approach that is post-event in terms of implementation. Furthermore, it is based on graphic techniques on graph theory. Network analysis and regression analysis were used to conduct research tests. Findings showed that in the communication network of companies, some of them are in a better position and have more access and effectiveness. Better location can lead to easier access to information and resources faster. Also, the results of testing the hypotheses showed that there is no significant relationship between the betweenness centrality, and earnings quality. But there is a significant negative relationship between the degree centrality and earnings quality and a significant positive relationship between the closeness centrality, and the earnings quality. In other words, it can be said that the position in the structure of relationships can somehow affect earnings quality of companies.
J Babajani; Amir Poorianasab
Volume 1, Issue 3 , October 2003, , Pages 155-171
Abstract
A conceptual framework of accounting can be decision based or accountability based. The choice critically affects the resulting framework.
A framework that is decision based is centered on the decision maker, namely, the user of accounting information. Suppliers of accounting information might as well ...
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A conceptual framework of accounting can be decision based or accountability based. The choice critically affects the resulting framework.
A framework that is decision based is centered on the decision maker, namely, the user of accounting information. Suppliers of accounting information might as well be inanimate objects since their interest in the now of information is not considered in this type of frameworks.
A framework built on the accountability relation, on the other hand, focuses on the relation between the accountor, the supplier of the accounting information, and the accountee, the user of the accounting information.
In a decision-based framework, the objective of accounting is to provide information useful for economic decisions. It does not matter what the information is about. More information is always preferred to less as long as it is cost effective. Subjective information is welcome as long as it is useful to the decision maker.
In an accountability-based framework, the objective of accounting is to provide a fair system of information now between the accountor and the accountee. It is built upon the accountability relationship between the two parties. Based on the underlying accountability relation, the accountee has a certain right to know, at the same time, the accountor has a right to protect privacy. More information about the accountor is not necessarily better. It is perhaps better from the standpoint of the accountee the not necessarily from the overall accountability relation. Subjective information can seriously damage the interest of the accountor, even if it is highly useful to the accountee.
Most conceptual frameworks seem to be decision based. They are unidirectional- oriented solely toward user. A conceptual framework that is accountability based must weigh the interest of the two sides; it is bidirectional.
Y. Hasas Yeganeh; P. Roohi
Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2004, , Pages 157-169
Abstract
In the present socio-economic situation, the independent auditors have taken the responsibility of giving opinion on financial statement. To do this task which entails rendering reliable services to the society, they should work according to legal and professional basics and framework.
This framework ...
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In the present socio-economic situation, the independent auditors have taken the responsibility of giving opinion on financial statement. To do this task which entails rendering reliable services to the society, they should work according to legal and professional basics and framework.
This framework with object of attestation, is named auditing standards.
In this research the awareness of auditors of auditing standards which
Is issued by auditing organization is investigated.
The results of this study reveal that between 75 to 90 present of auditors have sufficient awareness of auditing standards, but the study also provides evidence that the awareness isn't the same for all kind of different auditing standards.
Mohammad Hasan Gholizadeh; Ismael Ramazanpour; Mahsa Farkhondeh Farkhondeh
Abstract
Considering the important role of stock market in economic development, finding this fact that whether price increases is due to fundamental elements or not can help a country’s policy makers to direct the capital market to the right direction. Therefore, this study investigates the existence of ...
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Considering the important role of stock market in economic development, finding this fact that whether price increases is due to fundamental elements or not can help a country’s policy makers to direct the capital market to the right direction. Therefore, this study investigates the existence of a certain type of rational bubbles due to the fundamental elements which called rational intrinsic bubble during 1385 to 1392. Then, in the second phase this matter will be examined that if the earnings can predict future return regarding to intrinsic bubbles so for this purpose Vector Auto Regression model has been applied. The required data have been collected seasonally and calculated by using and Rahavard Novin Software, 65 companies selected as research samples and data has been analyzed by using Eviews7 .the analyzing results indicate that there are intrinsic bubbles in 15 companies which is due to changing of fundamental elements such as dividend. Also the results indicate that in companies in which there is not any intrinsic bubbles, earning can predict future returns.
Financial Accounting
Akram Taftiyan; fatemeh mansuri mohammad abadi; akram abdollahi asad abaadi
Abstract
The current research has investigated the economic consequences of risk perception in annual reports; which is functional in terms of result, correlational and post-event in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of this research includes all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock ...
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The current research has investigated the economic consequences of risk perception in annual reports; which is functional in terms of result, correlational and post-event in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of this research includes all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2008 and 2021, and 130 firms were selected as a statistical sample by systematic elimination (1820 observations).In this study, the accounting criteria of company value (rate of return on assets), the market criterion of company value (Tobin's Q) and the economic criterion of company value (added market value) were used to measure the economic outcome. In order to increase the degree of confidence in the results of hypothesis testing, static and dynamic panel data regression method was used. According to the findings of the research, in static modes and using the EViews software, it shows that there is a positive relationship between the market measure of the company's value (Tobin's Q) and the economic measure of the company's value (market value added) in both the static and dynamic modes with the sense of risk in annual reports. But there is no significant relationship between the accounting measure of company value (rate of return on assets) and the sense of risk in annual reports.
Accounting and various aspects of finance
gholamreza karami; Ehsan Dolatzarei; Omid Faraji
Abstract
We intended to provide a comprehensive overview of behavioral accounting research. For this purpose, 371 articles published in two specialized journals of behavioral accounting - "Behavioral Research in Accounting" and "Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research"- have been analyzed. These journals are ...
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We intended to provide a comprehensive overview of behavioral accounting research. For this purpose, 371 articles published in two specialized journals of behavioral accounting - "Behavioral Research in Accounting" and "Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research"- have been analyzed. These journals are indexed on the Scopus database and are among the specialist journals ranked by the Australian Business Deans Council. Co-word analysis and social network analysis have been used as the main method. Our analysis shows that emerging issues in recent years in the field of behavioral research have focused on "auditing", "corporate governance", "fraud" and "ethics". Findings show that the article "Online instrument delivery and participant recruitment services: Emerging opportunities for behavioral accounting research" with 167 citations is the most cited behavioral research article. Wicky Arnold is the top author in terms of number of articles with 12 articles. The United States is the top country in the world with 179 articles and 2,210 citations, and the two top universities in the world with 15 articles are the Virginia Commonwealth University and the University of Central Florida. This paper is the first study that conduct a bibliometric analysis of behavioral accounting research focusing on two specialized journals of behavioral accounting.
Accounting and various aspects of finance
Mehdi Heidari; Alireza Aliakbarlou; Ebrahim Khakpour Heydaranlou
Abstract
Conservatism is an action that is used in conditions of uncertainty and limiting management optimistic behaviors to increase the reliability of financial statements. Financial distress and growth opportunities are among the factors that can improve the level of accounting conservatism. Meanwhile, managers' ...
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Conservatism is an action that is used in conditions of uncertainty and limiting management optimistic behaviors to increase the reliability of financial statements. Financial distress and growth opportunities are among the factors that can improve the level of accounting conservatism. Meanwhile, managers' behavioral characteristics are expected to influence the relationship between financial distress and growth opportunities with accounting conservatism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of management uncertainty on the relationship between financial distress, growth opportunities and accounting conservatism. The results of this study show, the variables of financial distress and growth opportunities have a positive and significant effect on conservatism. Management overconfidence has no significant effect on the relationship between financial distress and conservatism but it moderates the relationship between growth opportunities and conservatism and has a negative and significant effect on the relationship between them. In other words, that managers with unfavorable financial situation do not have a positive outlook on the future situation of the company and increase the level of conservatism. Managers of large and growing companies also tend to opt for more conservative accounting practices to minimize their political and social costs. On the other hand, overconfident managers are optimistic about the future state of the company and reduce the level of accounting conservatism.
Accounting and various aspects of finance
Saman Mohammadi; Zahra Oryaie; Ali Naderi
Abstract
Considering the impact of CEO Power on a bank’s performance, CEOs can play a role in social responsibility and earnings management. Given that earnings management in banks can have various effects on other industries and the overall economy, banks tend to practice earnings management more frequently ...
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Considering the impact of CEO Power on a bank’s performance, CEOs can play a role in social responsibility and earnings management. Given that earnings management in banks can have various effects on other industries and the overall economy, banks tend to practice earnings management more frequently than non-financial organizations. Furthermore, due to a lack of transparency and information asymmetry, banks are required to be more accountable to society than other industries. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the impact of CEO Power on the relationship between social responsibility and earnings management in banks. The research sample comprises 16 banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange Market and Iran OTC between 2016 and 2021. These banks were selected to test the research hypothesis. The findings of the study suggest that social responsibility has a significant negative impact on earnings management in banks. This implies that an increase in social responsibility may lead to a decrease in information asymmetry and lack of transparency, resulting in a decrease in earnings management. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicate that CEO power does not play a significant role in moderating the relationship between social responsibility and earnings management in banks.IntroductionIndeed, engaging banks in social responsibility practices is expected to be beneficial for their stakeholders. In this context, stakeholders are often attracted to banks with a good reputation for social responsibility. Therefore, executives may engage in social responsibility activities to gain support from stakeholders, defend themselves against stakeholder activism, manage their business reputation, or protect their own careers. However, executives may also engage in social responsibility activities to manipulate earnings management and hide their self-interest motivations, which leads to agency problems. These agency problems arise when executives take opportunistic actions such as earnings management to maximize their profits, increasing the bank's agency costs. Given the influence of powerful CEOs on a bank’s performance, powerful CEOs play a role in social responsibility and earnings manipulation. Therefore, CEO power is one of the most important determinants affecting managers’ decisions.the current research has several important aspects. First, it extends the literature on the effect of commitment to social responsibility activities on firm earnings management, with a specific focus on the banking sector. Second, the research fills a gap in the literature regarding the role of social responsibility in financial reporting. Previous studies have not provided a clear consensus on whether social responsibility commitment has a positive or negative impact on financial reporting quality. Given the diversity of findings reported by previous studies, more research is needed to focus on understanding how social responsibility commitment can affect financial reporting quality, as proxied by earnings management practices.Does social responsibility affect banks' earnings management? Does CEO power have a significant effect on the relationship between social responsibility and earnings management of banks and strengthen this relationship?Literature Review2.1. Corporate social responsibility and earnings managementTo understand the link between corporate social responsibility (SR) and earnings management (EM), previous studies have proposed two perspectives: the ethical perspective and the managerial opportunism perspective. The ethical perspective assumes that EM is negatively associated with SR, while the managerial opportunism perspective argues that EM and SR are positively related. This leads us to our first hypothesis:H1. There is a significant relationship between SR and EM.2.2. Corporate social responsibility, earnings management and CEO powerGiven the influence of powerful CEOs on bank’s performance, powerful CEOs play a significant role in both SR input and earnings manipulation. Therefore, CEO power is considered one of the crucial determinants affecting managerial decisions. Hence, CEO power may have a moderating effect on the relationship between SR and EM. Accordingly, we propose the following hypothesis:H2. Powerful CEOs moderate the SR–EM relationship. MethodologyThe statistical population of this research consists of banks enlisted in the Tehran Stock Exchange Market and Iran OTC. The data from 16 banks for the period between 2016 to 2021 have been analyzed to test the research hypotheses. The statistical method employed in this study is the regression model of mixed data using panel data approach with a random effects estimation.ResultsThe obtained results suggest that social responsibility has a negative and significant effect on bank’s earnings management. In other words, as social responsibility increases, earnings management in banks is expected to decrease. Furthermore, the results show that the significant relationship between social responsibility and earnings management is not maintained when the adjusting variable of the CEO's power is included. In other words, the CEO's power does not have a significant effect on the relationship between social responsibility and earnings management.Discussion and ConclusionWith an increase in activities related to social responsibility, banks experience a decrease in earnings management. This observation aligns with the ethical perspective and the signaling theory, which suggest that social responsibility can serve as a tool to reduce earnings management. Banks with higher levels of social responsibility not only exhibit greater transparency regarding their social responsibility initiatives and stronger engagement with stakeholders, but they also tend to engage in less earnings management. Additionally, the study found that CEO power does not moderate the relationship between social responsibility and bank earnings management. This finding contradicts the theoretical foundations and the research background, which propose that CEOs may use social responsibility to gain stakeholder support, manage their reputation, and defend against stakeholder activism. Therefore, it is evident that relying solely on CEO power and characteristics may not lead to accurate decision-making in this domain. Shareholders and other financial decision-makers should consider factors beyond CEO power when attempting to moderate the relationship between social responsibility and earnings management.
Accounting report
Farzad Eivani; Hadis Abdi; Farshid Kheirollahi; nasrin moridi
Abstract
Integrated financial reporting provides crucial information about an organization's strategy, direction, performance, and future outlook encompassing business, social, and environmental performance within its operational context. It also promotes a coherent and effective approach to corporate reporting. ...
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Integrated financial reporting provides crucial information about an organization's strategy, direction, performance, and future outlook encompassing business, social, and environmental performance within its operational context. It also promotes a coherent and effective approach to corporate reporting. This research aims to compare the expectations of integrated financial reporting producers and users. Data analysis using SPSS software and statistical tests, including "Kolmogrove-smirnov", "Yoman-whitney" and "Friedman" has shown significant differences between the opinions of users and financial report preparers regarding report components, innovative practices, targeted investments, rewards and benefits, risk management, governance structure, and balanced scorecard. However, the comparison of expectations has shown no significant difference between the expectations of report providers and users regarding providing reports on mutual communication, compliance with legal and ethical standards, user’s engagement, and the reporting of financial status and sustainability of financial services.IntroductionAn integrated report should provide insight into the nature and quality of an organization's relationships with its key stakeholders. According to the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), one of the guiding principles which underpin the preparation of integrated reports is the formation of effective stakeholder relationships. However, several challenges are also identified. These challenges include difficulties in determining what information is material and should, therefore, be included in an integrated report. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the quality and utility of integrated reporting by exploring the possibility that a perception gap has emerged, which affects the perceived relevance of integrated reporting. this paper makes an important contribution to the prior literature on integrated reporting by introducing the idea of a perception gap and offering one of the initial accounts of stakeholders’ perspectives on companies’ integrated reports. This will shed light on where companies can improve their integrated reports and inform the development of additional guidance by standard-setters and regulators.MethodologyThe study's statistical population comprises two groups: report producers and users. This includes auditors from the audit organizations and audit institutions, members of the Society of Official Accountants of Iran, as well as board directors and managers of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the year 2022. The sampling method employed in this research is available sampling. This research is classified as a descriptive-survey study with an applied approach. The identified themes are incorporated into a Likert scale questionnaire. Lastly, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and relevant statistical tests.FindingsBased on the findings, there is a gap between auditors' and users' perspectives in terms of reporting and identifying innovative perspectives, targeted investments, rewards and benefits, risk management, governance structure, and balanced scorecard. Conversely, no significant gap is anticipated between the perspectives of producers and users in terms of mutual communication, compliance with legal and ethical standards, streamlining financial operations, user communication, as well as reporting financial status and corporate sustainability.Conclusion and discussionIn line with the examination of expectations between providers and stakeholders concerning the disclosure of integrated reporting components, the results of hypothesis testing indicate that, except for reporting and identifying innovative perspectives, targeted investments, rewards and benefits, risk management, governance structure, and balanced evaluation card, there is no significant expectation gap between beneficiaries and providers. In fact, the results indicate that users of integrated reports seek additional information on matters such as the competence and performance of those responsible for governance and how management has handled risk to ensure financial sustainability and prevent financial crises. They prioritize these aspects over the disclosure of information about social and environmental issues.Finally, the results of this study highlight several areas for future research. It would be valuable to investigate whether a perception gap exists in other industries and to identify the factors contributing to changes in the perception gap. More work also needs to be done to understand the determinants of the perception gap. This paper is based on the assumption that user sophistication affects the perceived importance of disclosures found in integrated reports. Cultural variables, the nature of the corporate governance system and the extent to which companies are able to manage perceptions are additional variables which need to be taken into account in order to define the dimensions of the perception gap in an integrated reporting context more accurately and inform policymakers and standard setters.
Financial Accounting
Sajad Naghdi; Roghayye Jeddi
Abstract
The willingness of accountants to participate in the certified public accountant (CPA) exam has led to a highly competitive and challenging environment. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the lived experiences of CPA candidates. Given the psychological orientations, the unique scientific ...
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The willingness of accountants to participate in the certified public accountant (CPA) exam has led to a highly competitive and challenging environment. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the lived experiences of CPA candidates. Given the psychological orientations, the unique scientific and social structure of the candidates, and the multi-dimensionality of the exam, an interpretive paradigm and the qualitative method of phenomenology were employed for an in-depth study without statistical calculations. This study involved 37 participants, comprising 16 CPAs and 21 individuals who were rejected candidates, chosen through purposeful sampling. Data collection was conducted using the semi-structured interview method until the theoretical saturation limit was attained. Data analysis was carried out in five stages using Giorgi's method. The analysis yielded four main themes: weaknesses and limitations, structural challenges, strengths, and solutions to enhance the exam's quality. Each main theme encompassed three sub-themes with 99 narratives. Additionally, despite differing perspectives among candidates, a strong emphasis on the lack of educational resources, particularly in accounting and auditing courses, was noted. The findings also highlight a need to broaden the exam's scope to cover technical skills and reduce theoretical questions. Overall, the research underscores the significance of developing educational resources and focusing on practical questions to address the primary concerns of the candidates. IntroductionThe willingness of accountants to participate in the certified public accountant (CPA) exam has led to a highly competitive and challenging environment. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the lived experiences of CPA candidates. Since the accounting profession is continuously evolving and its complexity is increasing every day, it is necessary to consider this dynamic in the process of determining the qualification of certified public accountant. Some professionals have raised concerns about the design of the CPA exam, particularly regarding questions that are incorrectly framed, ambiguous, or have multiple or no correct answers. This issue often leads to candidates wasting time on such questions during the exam, a loss that cannot be compensated. Furthermore, the exam's administration also poses problems, such as an unfavorable physical environment and the use of non-professional proctors, contributing to stress. These factors collectively result in anxiety and psychosis both during and after the exam. Therefore, the systematic evaluation of various dimensions of the certified public accountant exam with the direct participation of the candidates can help identify and rectify the existing gaps and limitations. The findings from this research could then inform policy-making and program formulation within the certified accountant community.Literature ReviewConsidering the importance of the role of certified public accountant in society, the process of selecting and verifying their qualifications is also very important. For the first time, at the end of the 19th century, chartered accountants emerged as an institution in Britain, which at that time had the most advanced financial and economic system. Early in the 20th century, this institution started working in the United States of America. However, the pathology of the process of determining the qualification of a certified public accountant in Iran has shown several key challenges. These challenges include exam content and conducting method, necessary features to become a CPA, certification conditions and exam structure.MethodologyGiven the psychological orientations, the unique scientific and social structure of the candidates, and the multi-dimensionality of the exam, an interpretive paradigm and the qualitative method of phenomenology were employed for an in-depth study without statistical calculations. This study involved 37 participants, comprising 16 CPAs and 21 individuals who were rejected candidates, chosen through purposeful sampling. Data collection was conducted using the semi-structured interview method until the theoretical saturation limit was attained. Data analysis was carried out in five stages using Giorgi's method.ResultsThe analysis yielded four main themes: weaknesses and limitations, structural challenges, strengths, and solutions to enhance the exam's quality. Each main theme encompassed three sub-themes with 99 narratives. Additionally, despite differing perspectives among candidates, a strong emphasis on the lack of educational resources, particularly in accounting and auditing courses, was noted. The findings also highlight a need to broaden the exam's scope to cover technical skills and reduce theoretical questions.DiscussionObtaining the title of a CPA is a coveted goal for accountants from the onset of their careers. Consequently, it is essential to ensure that individuals who successfully navigate through the CPA qualification process possess the minimum required skills and expertise. The dynamic nature of economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal components continually influences the competencies and capabilities required of certified public accountants. Currently, the CPA exam in Iran faces criticism from professional accounting members, highlighting a clear concern: the existing procedures for determining the qualifications of CPAs are not adequately keeping pace with the rapid environmental changes.ConclusionIn general, the findings of this study indicate the importance of developing educational resources and focusing on practical questions, reflecting the primary concerns of CPA exam candidates. The lack of educational resources were emphasized by the majority of participants. Therefore, it is necessary for the community of certified public accountants to collaborate effectively with academic professionals. This collaboration should aim to produce textbooks and exam questions that are closely aligned with the curriculum, particularly in areas of accounting and auditing. It is recommended to include questions that assess talent skills such as comprehension, reasoning, and verbal abilities, as well as technical competencies like computer and Excel skills. Furthermore, the design of the questions should be such that they can be answered effectively only by candidates with relevant work experience (practical work) and those who have engaged in extensive and in-depth study (beyond mere memorization) of the subject matter. Considering the nature of the CPA exam, it is suggested to incorporate a wide range of questions to thoroughly evaluate a candidate's knowledge across all subjects. This approach should extend beyond just a few standards or specific areas to ensure that the candidates possess a well-rounded understanding of the entire curriculum.
Accounting report
Mahdi Saghafi; Azam Pouryousof; Ali Shirzadi
Abstract
In this research, the relationship between the discovery of audit distortions and the readability of financial reports has been investigated, as well as the moderating effect of management ability on this relationship. This research is practical in terms of its purpose, and the correlation method is ...
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In this research, the relationship between the discovery of audit distortions and the readability of financial reports has been investigated, as well as the moderating effect of management ability on this relationship. This research is practical in terms of its purpose, and the correlation method is causal (post-event). In this research, the data of 129 companies listed on the Iran Stock Exchange during a seven-year period (from 2015 to 2021) were gathered to test the hypotheses using panel data. The collection of information in this study was done using library methods. Related data to measure the variables were collected from the Codal website and financial statements of the companies. Basic calculations were done in Excel. Then, Stata software was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the research show that the discovery of audit distortions has a direct and significant effect on the readability of financial reports. Additionally, the results indicate that the ability of managers can not only moderate the positive relationship between the discovery of audit distortions and the readability of financial reports, but also increase the intensity of this relationship.IntroductionA significant part of the companies' information is presented through the annual reports. A clear presentation of this amount of information is important for the clear understanding and interpretation of the information in the financial statements. There is a possibility that company managers change the readability of financial reports in order to attract the attention of investors, and control the perceptions of information users. The possibility of managers exploiting loopholes in accepted accounting principles and standards for personal gain necessitates a thorough evaluation and review by auditors. This evaluation aims to identify potential opportunities for fraud and weaknesses in these principles and standards for rectification. In this way, auditors can play an important role in making financial reports more readable through the quality of the audit. At the same time, the motivation and ability of managers to apply personal interests can also be an obstacle to high-quality auditing. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the effect of audit quality on the readability of financial reports and to investigate how managers' ability can influence this relationship.Research Question(s):Does audit quality have a significant effect on the readability of financial reports?Can managers' ability moderate the relationship between audit quality and readability of financial reports?Literature ReviewBlanco et al. (2021) stated in their research that when annual reports are less readable, auditors spend more effort on auditing financial statements. Furthermore, Hassan (2017) indicated that companies with capable managers publish more readable financial reports. Ghanizadeh et al. (2021) also concluded that financial knowledge and ability of managers have a positive and significant effect on audit quality.MethodologyThe data needed for the research were collected through Rahvard Navin software and Codal website, as well as from the audited financial statements of the companies and their audit reports. The statistical population of the research consists of the companies listed on the Iran Stock Exchange. Thus, 129 companies were selected from the statistical population over seven years (903 observations) from those active between 2015 and 2021, after applying restrictions.ResultsThe findings of the research show that the increase in sensitivity of the auditors in their proceedings, which has led to the discovery of more and more accounting distortions and finally the improvement of audit quality, has led to effective communication with managers in choosing simple words and phrases. This results in an increase in the use of simple language and a reduction in the complexity of financial report content, thereby enhancing the readability of financial reports. Additionally, the ability of managers can not only moderate the positive relationship between audit quality and the readability of financial reports, but also increase the intensity of this relationship.DiscussionThe readability of managers' explanatory reports is crucial for influencing information users. However, the absence of a universal standard for reading such reports presents management with numerous choices regarding content and even formatting. It is possible for managers to mislead the users of information when choosing the right decision by manipulating the readability of financial reports. This issue underscores the essential role of auditors, given its financial consequences and the potential for economic crises. Auditors play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of financial reports and mitigating opportunistic motives of managers. As the CEO is a key figure in the company's economy with significant influence, they can impact the company's value and profitability through their presentation of news and reports. Therefore, audit quality as one of the most important factors in the implementation of audit operations in audit institutions should be considered, so that the mission of auditing, which is ensuring financial statements, is carried out at the highest level of confidence. However, in situations where managers possess high abilities, there is a possibility of adjusting and being affected by this relationship. In this situation, there is a contradiction regarding the managers' ability to provide clear or complex reports and the quality of the audit. This issue originated from theories such as representation and stakeholders. Therefore, the moderating effect of managers' ability on the relationship between audit quality and readability of financial reports is important. In other words, capable managers in different situations send a positive sign of the company's status to the market by providing clear information and thus reduce agency costs. Thus, these managers have a greater ability to clearly express information to the market, which helps create a competitive advantage, maintain reputation, and foster self-motivation.ConclusionIn general, the results of this research indicate that the quality of auditing has improved, and the ability of managers plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality and transparency of financial reports. Therefore, it can be said that audit quality is an important and influential variable in ensuring financial statements and gaining the trust of information users. Additionally, capable managers demonstrate a greater inclination towards information transparency due to their superior performance.
Financial Accounting
Mehdi Dasti; Mohammad Firouzian Nezhad; Ali Mahmoodi
Abstract
The purpose of this study is Evaluating the reduction of the government's financial burden through the typology of drivers affecting generational accounting in the capital market by action research. In terms of methodology, this study has used Colaizzi's model (1978) to implement action research steps. ...
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The purpose of this study is Evaluating the reduction of the government's financial burden through the typology of drivers affecting generational accounting in the capital market by action research. In terms of methodology, this study has used Colaizzi's model (1978) to implement action research steps. Therefore, based on this model, first, through interviews with experts and open coding, an effort was made to identify n Effective drivers on the implementation of generational accounting in capital market companies. Then, in order to validate the propositions, a critical evaluation was done to compare the propositions with similar researches, so that the propositions can enter the stage of forming a focus group to discuss and exchange opinions for the cognitive separation of each proposition in the form of a category. Then, through Q evaluation checklist, each statement was scored between +4 and -4, and finally, a 4-level matrix was created with the aim of creating a foundation of effective drivers in the implementation of generational accounting with the aim of reducing the government's financial burden on future generations. The results showed that a total of 22 propositions were identified from a total of 12 interviews and 217 open codes created. On the other hand, it was determined in the quantitative section, 22 criteria identified in 4 categories were the creators of the generational accounting typology framework of capital market companies.
SH Hasanpour; R Janjani
Volume 9, Issue 35 , October 2012, , Pages 137-157
Abstract
The present study investigates the prediction earning models and compares the models based on absolute forecast errors. For analyzing the data 232 listed firms Tehran stock exchange (TSE) are used during 1380-1387. Comparing the models is done at the level of the all selected firms and at the level of ...
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The present study investigates the prediction earning models and compares the models based on absolute forecast errors. For analyzing the data 232 listed firms Tehran stock exchange (TSE) are used during 1380-1387. Comparing the models is done at the level of the all selected firms and at the level of the industries. Using panel data analyses, the results show that disaggregation earning has more ability to predict future earnings than aggregation earning. The results also show that there is a significant relationship between operating cash flows components - cash receipts from customers, cash paid to suppliers and cash paid for operating expenses -and future earnings. It means that these items have ability for predicting future earnings. Also the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between accruals components -accounts receivables, prepayments, inventory, depreciation and amortization, accounts payable advanced receipts, other accounts receivables, other accounts payable and other accruals and future earnings. As a result, these items have ability for predicting future earnings.
Hamzeh Didar; Gholamreza mansorfar; Jabraeil Rahmani
Abstract
The establishment of appropriate corporate governance mechanisms of action for the efficient use of resources, transparency and respect for the rights of all stakeholders. One of these mechanisms is the ownership structure. Cross-ownership of various aspects of business ownership structures ...
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The establishment of appropriate corporate governance mechanisms of action for the efficient use of resources, transparency and respect for the rights of all stakeholders. One of these mechanisms is the ownership structure. Cross-ownership of various aspects of business ownership structures that nature can be influential .The aim of this study is review of effect of cross- ownership over the companys performance considering the mediating variable product market competition in the form of Test Method mediator Through multiple regression models based on panel data has been conducted. Data envelopment analysis to measure performance and Herfindahl- Hirschman Index used to measure product market competition. Tests conducted on the data of 120 companies during the years 1388 to 1393 (720 firm-year) show that Property positive and significant relationship between product market competition with cross- oenership . Performance and product market competition is a significant negative relationship. The cross-ownership directly and indirectly by affecting product market competition mediator performance has a significant negative relationship.
Mehdi Hiedari; Hamzeh Didar; Bahman Qaderi
Abstract
One of the consequences of political economy is the government's influence on economic units. Companies that have a good relationship with government; pay less tax, have a greater market share, receive additional bank loans, In comparison with the other companies use the government concessions and in ...
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One of the consequences of political economy is the government's influence on economic units. Companies that have a good relationship with government; pay less tax, have a greater market share, receive additional bank loans, In comparison with the other companies use the government concessions and in the process of public offering, Government help them. Thus political patronage may lead to creation of additional value and growth opportunities for these companies. In our country, the government has a widespread presence in economic activities and its influence on the financial and operating policies of most industries in Tehran Stock Exchange is regulated. Therefore, in this research we investigation the relationship of political costs with growth opportunities using structural equation modeling approach. The research population consisted of 68 companies for the period of 2003 to 2012. Our finding indicates that the relationship between political costs and growth opportunities is positive and significant.
Hamzeh Didar; Gholam Reza Mansourfar; Hiva Khojaste
Volume 8, Issue 32 , January 2011, , Pages 141-168
Abstract
This study attempts to find a proper answer to the question of why some firms disclose less than other firms do; although, the disclosure information is important for users of information? Alternatively, why different companies, disclose in different levels of information? ...
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This study attempts to find a proper answer to the question of why some firms disclose less than other firms do; although, the disclosure information is important for users of information? Alternatively, why different companies, disclose in different levels of information? For this end, using the panel data analysis the impact of firm's characteristics (size, tangibility, leverage, profitability and growth in profitability) are investigated on different disclosure levels for 128 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2003- 2009 periods. Our findings imply that, the tangibility, leverage, and profitability affect the disclosure level; however, the size and growth opportunity have an insignificant effect on disclosure. This might be due to the difference in nature of the mandatory and voluntary disclosure. All companies regardless to their situation in the market are forced to disclose their information. Therefore, the accomplished analyses through mandatory and voluntary disclosure level have been also analyzed and compared. The results show that firm's characteristics affect the voluntary section of total disclosure only.
Yadollah Tarivardi; Salahoddin Ghaderi
Abstract
Audit Committee is a key element of corporate governance. The knowledge and understanding of experienced Audit Committee members increase the Company's financial reporting and auditing value. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of audit committee financial expertise on managerial ...
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Audit Committee is a key element of corporate governance. The knowledge and understanding of experienced Audit Committee members increase the Company's financial reporting and auditing value. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of audit committee financial expertise on managerial short-termism in Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies. To measure managerial short-termism, we used three criteria: discretionary accruals and the actual items (through manipulation of sales and a reduction in discretionary spending). Tehran stock exchange listed firms constitute statistical population of the research. The sample consists of companies that had been listed on Tehran Stock Exchange before 2012 and have audit committee in the years 2013 to 2016. Financial expertise of audit committee members had no significant effect on earnings management on the basis of accruals. The investigation of the effect of audit committee financial expertise on real earnings management revealed that audit committee financial expertise has a negative effect on the real earnings management through manipulation the sales and reducing discretionary spending. These findings are useful for policy makers to formulate useful obligations regarding the Charter of the Audit Committee and the necessity of applying the principles of corporate governance and preparing voluntary corporate governance report.
Ahmad Khodamipoor; Mostafa Deldar; Mohsen Choopani
Volume 10, Issue 38 , July 2013, , Pages 143-167
Abstract
If the information asymmetry exists، some investors have private and confidential information about companies more and better than other investors .Information asymmetry cause inefficient information flow which can influence company's future returns. This study investigates the impact of information ...
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If the information asymmetry exists، some investors have private and confidential information about companies more and better than other investors .Information asymmetry cause inefficient information flow which can influence company's future returns. This study investigates the impact of information asymmetry and the company's life cycle on future stock returns. With a sample of 670 firms - year regarding 67 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1380-1389, we tested the hypothesis using multivariate linear regression model based on panel data. The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between information asymmetry and futures stock returns. In fact, with increasing asymmetry of information, future returns of stocks of companies decreased. Another result of study shows there is a significant positive relationship between year life cycle and future stock returns. In other words, with the increase in corporate life, the future stocks returns also increases.
F. Rostamian; Sh. Javanbakht
Volume 8, Issue 31 , October 2010, , Pages 143-157
Abstract
The relation between risk and return, and capital asset pricing is the most basic topics in capital market. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was suggested by Lintner and Sharpe in 1965 and has been reformed and criticized since.
This paper studies another version of CAPM along with the traditional ...
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The relation between risk and return, and capital asset pricing is the most basic topics in capital market. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was suggested by Lintner and Sharpe in 1965 and has been reformed and criticized since.
This paper studies another version of CAPM along with the traditional CAPM in Tehran Stock Exchange. The new version of CAPM puts the covariance between stock return and consumption growth as a risk measure and is recognized as the Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Model (CCAPM).
To this end, we use a sample that includes 134 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The results indicate the CAPM is more efficient than the CCAPM in anticipating of the expected return in Tehran Stock Exchange.
Mohammad Hosein Safarzadeh; Sajedeh Tavoosi
Abstract
One of the concepts which recently have been discussed a lot by corporategovernance regulators and standard setters is related party transaction. Related partytransaction due to the complexity in recognition and disclosure are considered to beone the challenges of financial reporting which can influence ...
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One of the concepts which recently have been discussed a lot by corporategovernance regulators and standard setters is related party transaction. Related partytransaction due to the complexity in recognition and disclosure are considered to beone the challenges of financial reporting which can influence economic decisions ofusers. Considering the expansion of related party transactions and the increase ofthem in companies, it is necessary to create monitoring mechanisms to reduce thefinancial frauds and to improve the performance. Among these types of monitoringmechanisms, stablishing and performing of proper corporate governance system incompanies is one of these mechanisms. The empirical evidences show that corporategovernance lessens related party transaction. In this research, the relationshipbetween the mechanisms of corporate governance and related party transactions isinvestigated. The study sample includes 136 Tehran Stock Exchange listedcompanies from 1389 to 1393. In order to test the research hypotheses, the multivariableregression model with a data panel was used. The board membersindependences, boards compensation, stock ownership, change of executivemanager, auditor rotation were used as the corporate governance mechanisms. Theresult of the research indicates that there is a significant and reverse relation betweenrelated party transaction and ownership of the institutional stockholders and changeof executive manager. There is a reverse relation between related party transactionand autonomy of board of managers’ members but this reverse relation is notsignificant statistically. There is a direct and significant relation between relatedparty transaction and board of managers’ compensation and there is a direct relationbetween related party transaction and auditor rotation, which is not significantstatistically.
Yahya Kamyabi; Esmail Tavakolnia
Abstract
AbstractRelations in the analysis of CVP, implies a linear relationship between sales, costs and profit. However, recent studies have documented a significant non-linear behavior of costs and profit, and cost stickiness is one of the most important behavior. Cost stickiness requires considerable conceptual ...
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AbstractRelations in the analysis of CVP, implies a linear relationship between sales, costs and profit. However, recent studies have documented a significant non-linear behavior of costs and profit, and cost stickiness is one of the most important behavior. Cost stickiness requires considerable conceptual changes in CVP model, which refers to conceptual and empirical limitations of this model. Therefore, this study uses the data of 140 companies listed in Tehran’s Stock Exchange over the 1385 to 1392 period to present the asymmetric model of CVP analysis, and enters cost stickiness into the equation. The results of the study showed that the standard model of CVP requires adjustment of cost stickiness, in case of using Anderson et al. (2003) model, and total amounts of revenues and costs, due to the lack of their efficacy of earnings management measures relating to the changes of classification. In other words, given the realized sales level, the profit is less if the sales level has increased compared to the prior period, than when the sales level has decreased compared to the prior period.
